Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. See answer. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. EEA/EEPRI. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Sutcliffe (2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. Mart. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Question. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. Your email address will not be published. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. WEAKNESSES. In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Last month, at the 23rd anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue regime, Prime Minister Hailemariam declared that Ethiopias have become food self-sufficient at national level with annual production of major crops reaching 25 million tones (250 million Quintals). Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. (. Table 9. It does not store any personal data. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., 2019). International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. The country has also ample opportunity in. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, 2016). Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017).