Among them, stimulating sucker propagation by cutting off the roots at the periphery of the vertical projection of the canopy and separating fasciculate suckers can increase the reproductive coefficient, while gathering and nurturing the suckers in a nursery can greatly improve the quality of the root system. Lingwuchangzao for Protected Cultivation. Wang, L., Wang, H. & Wang, C. Effect of O2 and CO2 concentration on respiration, relative electrical conductivity, contents of chlorophyll and skin color of Dongzao jujube fruit. Our study was conducted to apply root pruning to test whether it can effectively inhibit the vigorous vegetative growth by regulating the competitive ability of the root system for water and nutrients. Li, D., Du, X., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & He, J. Callus induction and embryogenesis of Ziziphus jujuba cv. Agric Ecosyst Environ 52:129140, Vandermeer J (1989) The ecology of intercropping. (6) Quality and nutrition preservation with postharvest and processing technology: adapting to internet and international marketing and upgrading the jujube market structure; making jujube an essential raw material in several superfoods that are increasingly requested by the market in addition to being directly used as fresh or dried fruit13; extending different production and processing certification systems (e.g., Global GAP, Organic, etc.) There are two parts necessary for grafting: the rootstock, used for the root system; and the scion, the chosen cultivar or variety. (4) Year-round fresh fruit supply: integrating the selection of cultivars with different maturation times, half-red harvesting, shelf life preservation, long-distance cold transportation, and long-term storage techniques such as controlled freezing-point storage, as well as protected cultivation, for advancing or delaying ripening and preventing fruit cracking. Liu, M. & Cheng, J. should not be planted in the shade of other trees Soils: Jujubes tolerate many types of soils, but prefer a sandy, well-drained soils and do less well in heavy, poorly drained soil. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Zhang, W., Ahanbieke, P., Wang, B.J. Historical achievements and frontier advances in the production and research of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) This paper will systematically summarize its special characteristics and comparative advantages, historical and recent research advances, and future research prospects to guide researchers and professionals working on jujubes. for jujube products to respond to the demands of different international markets and especially of large distribution channels. Changing host photosynthetic, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms play important roles in phytoplasma infection. On the other hand, the lignification of bearing shoots changes the deciduous habit of bearing shoots and increases the pruning labor costs. The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. Liu, M. Advances in taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. Ningxia University, Yinchuan (2016). Characteristics of fruiting and fertility of different cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Solar greenhouses along hillsides facing the sun in the Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province have the advantages of lower investment costs, better sunlight, and much better heat retaining properties than a traditional greenhouse by using the mountain as the back wall of the greenhouses107. Jujube fruit also has very positive meanings in Chinese culture, such as a sweet life, a flourishing business, fertility, harmony, and happiness. Wang, Y. and its wild ancestor sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Cheng et Liu). Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. Wang, L. et al. 2011(Zhang et al. Ser. Jujube is highly tolerant of drought, infertility and salinity, and has low demands for water and fertilizers4 (Table 1). Int. . Meanwhile, the expansion of the MDHAR gene family contributes to AsA regeneration. Both the seeds and fruit have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to improve sleep quality, support the nervous system, and encourage healthy digestion. Genome-wide identification, characterization of the MADS-box gene family in Chinese jujube and their involvement in flower development. ISSN 2052-7276 (online) It only takes 10 days to differentiate flowers whenever there is new shoot growth1. anucleatus Y. G. Chen). & Jiang, Y.) Multiomics-based analysis for the molecular formation mechanisms of some important traits. Correspondence to Shandong Agricultural University, Taian (2008). Liu, Y., Feng, C., Yu, H., Wang, J. Jujube Trees (Chinese Date - Hong Zao) Zizyphus jujubaLi is a very popular variety of Jujube tree and it will produce fruit without cross pollination. (6) International exchange and cooperation are still insufficient and are accompanied by severe imbalances among countries both in production and research. affirmed Ziziphus (rather than Zizyphus), Z. jujuba Mill. Li, D., Niu, X. in Chinese Dates a Traditional Functional Food (eds Liu, D., Ye, X. In addition, triploids of Jinsixiaozao, Yuanlingzao, and Changhongzao have been created by endosperm culture, but no new cultivar has been released82. Sin.41, 21152124 (2014). Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. Environ.11, 405409 (2013). Sin.36, 196200 (2003). Development of chloroplast microsatellite markers and analysis of chloroplast diversity in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) A series of gene families and metabolisms responsive to phytoplasma infection were studied, showing that photosynthetic, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism play crucial roles during phytoplasma infection33 and that the MAPK-WRKY pathway is responsive to phytoplasma stress23,24,32. After the Asian Olympic Games in Beijing in 1990, dense cultivation was developed for dwarf fresh jujube, and even superdense plantings (grass orchards) with densities of up to 15,000 plants per hectare were established. Sin.36, 807813 (2009). Starting with a superhigh density (0.5m1.0m), the density is gradually decreased to 1.01.5m4.0m. This new model obtains good yields (58t/ha) in the year of grafting (Fig. Thus, the level of jujube production in China has long been at the forefront of fruit tree production in history, and jujube production has made an important contribution to the development of fruit tree science and technology (Fig. (3) Internet Information System for Jujube Germplasms (http://www.ziziphus.net/zzzy), which provided information observed from local areas about 700 germplasm accessions recorded in China Fruit Tree RecordsJujube. At present, the jujube industry in China has entered a new era of transformation, upgrading, and globalization150,151. Stnic, F. Present status of jujube and advanced fruit growing techniques in Europe. Agrofor Syst 50:116, Friday JB, Fownes JH (2002) Competition for light between hedgerows and maize in an alley cropping system in Hawaii, USA. Acta Hortic.840, 259262 (2008). A postharvest physiological study revealed the main factors influencing fruit preservation in jujube115. Currently, under the optimal storage conditions, half-red fresh jujube can be preserved for 23 months or even more than 4 months. Food Compos. Jujube Candy. ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. In this case, the maturity period can be advanced by 14 months105,106. C.J. Liang, C., Zhao, J. The jujube genome provides insights into genome evolution and the domestication of sweetness/acidity taste in fruit trees. Liu, Z. et al. Ser. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. & Liu, M. Genetic diversity and structure of 255 cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Storage Process3, 1012 (2002). They are Section Ziziphus Cheng et Liu and Section Perdurans Cheng et Liu. Sci.32, 12531257 (2015). The roots of both intercropped wheat and jujube had less root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than those of sole wheat and jujube trees. BMC Genomics18, 855 (2017). Jujubes do best in warm, dry climates, but can tolerate winter lows down to -20 degrees F. (-29 C.). Rep.8, 15612 (2018). Liu, M. Technical Manual for Quality Production in Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2004). North. Research methods should become more synergistic and internationalized. Study on hyperspectral rapid detection of Vc content in Lingwu jujube. indicated that jujube was sensitive to CO2 and that fruit browning occurred quickly under the conditions of 10% CO2120. Jujube trees are highly adaptable, with outstanding tolerance to drought; low-fertility, saline, and alkali soils; high temperatures and late frosts. Method 1: Hybrids are produced by using a male-sterile variety as the female parent and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility as the male parent20,84. The ethylene and ABA pathways are involved in regulating jujube fruit ripening30,31. A superfruit species for the future should simultaneously meet the diverse needs of growers, consumers, marketers, governments, and society. Yan, C. et al. & Ma, Z. Agrofor Syst 11:243258, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1991) A tree-crop interface design and its use for evaluating the potential of hedge row intercropping. The first is China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube, mentioned above. Review of researches on Chinese date high yield cultural theory and techniques. It can blossom and even bear fruit in the same year as planting or grafting and can achieve high yields 35 years after the establishment of an orchard under a high-density planting system. Hortic. Period. We can simulate the growth trend of the bearing jujube based on different length conditions and use L ( d) = l max 1 + e a - r d to calculate the length of the bearing jujube based on different growth days. For Sci 48:7784, Jose S, Gillespie AR, Seifert JR, Mengel DB, Pope PE (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the mid-western USA. Acta Hortic. When made into glac fruits by boiling in honey and sugar syrup, they resemble Persian dates and are sometimes known as Chinese dates. The development of the jujube industry and jujube research promoted each other during this period, and support from science and technology to the jujube industry has continuously increased. The RLD of 6-year-old jujube intercropped with wheat at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent than in other jujube/wheat intercropping combinations. The older the jujube the more developed were the jujube roots so that the smaller the SRL of jujube the bigger the RLD and RD of jujube. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Internet Explorer). Genetic engineering has also made some advances, but these applications are not yet fully developed. Dongzao. Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding (2006). Sin.32, 10081012 (2005). Converting dehydroascorbic acid to AsA (vitamin C) resolved the bottleneck problem in the determination of dehydroascorbic acid, and accurate determination methods for the two kinds of vitamin C in jujube were finalized141,143. Research on jujube cultivation technology has a long history that includes fruitful achievements and has played an important role in promoting the jujube industry. Sin.33, 687 (2006). Org.121, 423433 (2015). 1). Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. Bot.165, 92107 (2019). Consequently, the pure polyploid creation and evaluation period can be shortened by 35 years. Silvae Sin.45, 4449 (2009). & Tian, C. Study on the effect of the different heating processes on the quality of the Chinese date. In addition, 11 jujube cultivars were recorded in Erya, a book written 2600 years ago. Soc. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Genes8, 340 (2017). Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. Research results should be more original and advanced. volume7, Articlenumber:119 (2020) Zhang, L. et al. J. Anhui Agric. Silvae Sin. Jujube tree roots showed a mainly downward trend and . With the breakthroughs in cross-breeding technology, the acquisition of a progeny population and the establishment of genetic maps, genetic research into important traits was also carried out. The results of sensory tests and analyses with common consumers of different ages and origins are positive and encouraging14,152. Hebei17, 110 (1994). Yan, F. et al. Genom.11, 809 (2015). Specific reference genes for RT-qPCR of jujube were selected under a variety of conditions and sourced from different tissues/organs, fruit development stages, and biotic/abiotic stresses, providing more choices for further gene expression analysis and functional studies in jujube22,23,24,25,26. Qu, Z., Li, S., Wu, Y., Sun, P. & Hu, J. Chen, J., Mu, Q. Water thoroughly and keep the pot in partial shade for the first few weeks to minimize transplant shock, then move to a location with full sun. PubMed Central Ecol Eng 29:319328, Imo M, Timmer VR (2002) Growth and nutritional interactions of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with greenhouse natural vegetation under greenhouse conditions. In this agroforestry system, the jujube trees are grown simultaneously with cotton for 180-200 days. The specific objectives should include outstanding resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, dwarfing, low branching ability, thornlessness, early bearing, high and stable yields, high quality, stonelessness, high nutrient levels, various ripening times, ease of transport and storage, and multiple-use cultivars. Sci.29, 366373 (2012). After entering the 21st century, in the desert of southern Xinjiang Province, China, a novel cultivation model for high early yields and high fruit quality was established. Fruit. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Plant Syst. For Ecol Manag 16:269279, Mead R, Willey RW (1980) The concept of a land equivalent ratio and advantages in yields from intercropping. Liu, M., Liu, Z., Li, X. Zhang, F., Wang, J., Li, F., Liu, Z. Forests10, 460 (2019). Bu, J., Zhao, J. Liu, D., Ye, X. Thank you for visiting nature.com. A new excellent early-ripening tetraploid table cultivar of Chinese jujubeHongguang. ISSN 2662-6810 (print), The historical and current research progress on jujubea superfruit for the future, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, Germplasm resources and genetic breeding of Paeonia: a systematic review, Comparative population genomics dissects the genetic basis of seven domestication traits in jujube, A roadmap for research in octoploid strawberry, Advancing crop genomics from lab to field, RosBREED: bridging the chasm between discovery and application to enable DNA-informed breeding in rosaceous crops, Prunus genetics and applications after de novo genome sequencing: achievements and prospects, The genome of cultivated peanut provides insight into legume karyotypes, polyploid evolution and crop domestication, An update on the arsenal: mining resistance genes for disease management of Brassica crops in the genomic era, Identification and stacking of crucial traits required for the domestication of pennycress, http://jujube.genomics.cn/page/species/index.jsp, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Identification and expression analysis of BURP domain-containing genes in jujube and their involvement in low temperature and drought response, Comparison of ascorbate metabolism in fruits of two jujube species with differences in ascorbic acid content, Genomic constitution and relationships of Ziziphus species collected from Malakand Division, Pakistan, Multiple responses contribute to the enhanced drought tolerance of the autotetraploid Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Evaluation of Six Natural Variants and Screening of Genes Associated with Twisted Branches in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. Slider with three articles shown per slide. China Fruits3, 4647 (1983). According to leaf fossils, jujube appeared in northern China 24 million years ago. Jujube Witches' Broom Disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is the most destructive disease of Chinese jujube. Univ. Acta Hortic. Marketers prefer fruits that can be easily transported from production areas and have long shelf lives and large markets. lageniformis Hort. Wang, L. et al. These factors included the culture media, inoculation methods, removal or maintenance of the seed coat, combination of growth regulators, and concentrations of lactalbumin hydrolysate, activated carbon, and sucrose86,87,88. & Jiang, Y. Chinese Dates: A Traditional Functional Food (CRC press, 2016). - 148.251.123.50. & Zhang, P. Study on respiration type of different cultivars of Chinese jujube fruit. Yang, X. et al. It ferments readily and lose firmness when it is tightly sealed in conventional plastic bags under cold storage. Agric. The latter was further divided into Ser. Plant Genet. Excavation and SSR identification of polyploidy germplasm resources in jujube trees. A total of 963 jujube germplasms were analyzed by SSRs to construct the core collection and germplasm resource management database21. & Gao, W. Genetic relationship of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) and sour jujube (Z. spinosa) based on RAPD markers. Int.39, 917923 (2006). 201003043-01)and by NSFC (Project No. Peng, Y. Chenguang, a new tetraploid Chinese jujube cultivar. Roots in each plot were sampled vertically by auger to a depth of 100 cm at 20-cm intervals and horizontally . Food Sci.33, 278282 (2012). ), also called Chinese date or Chinese jujube, is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world and is the most important species in the large cosmopolitan family Rhamnaceae in terms of its economic, ecological, and social importance. This period has not yet ended, and there is still a long way to go before establishing a modern technology system for jujube. Genetic diversity and population structure of sour jujube, Ziziphus acidojujuba. (3) Current labor-intensive cultivation techniques were developed with the goal of increasing yields on small farms with inexpensive labor. Jujube never needs flower-promoting treatments. Jujube tree yields in dryland saline soils are restricted by water shortages and soil salinity. Preliminary study on in vitro culture of shoot segment in Chinese jujube. Sin.42, 16831698 (2015). Sci. Acta Hortic. performed reference collection and analysis. tortuosa Hort., Z. jujuba Mill. & Liu, M. Expression stabilities of candidate reference genes for RT-qPCR in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Genome-wide identification of CNGC genes in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) N. W. SCI-TECH Uni. When made into glac fruits by boiling in honey and sugar syrup, they resemble Persian dates and are sometimes known as Chinese dates. of 0-100 cm jujube trees. Wang et al. & Liu, M. Screening and evaluation of germplasms with high resistance to fruit cracking in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. & Li, Q. For successful grafting there are five important requirements: The joint map across the 12 linkage groups (the same as the basic chromosome number in jujube) spanned 1020.22cM, with a mean marker distance of 0.32cM. (4) The low-level processing techniques that imitate those used for other fruits and focus on solving the overproduction problem do not meet the requirements of postharvest value addition and demands for diversified, advanced, and internationalized new products. Several key factors of influencing fresh-keeping effect on Lingwu Chang Date industry in Ningxia. However, propagation via tissue culture has not been used on a large scale in jujube in China because of the high technical requirements, high cost, and late fruiting of micropropagated plants. Fresh jujube fruit can be kept fresh for 24 months under controlled atmosphere storage or controlled freezing-point storage. In 4th International Jujube Symposium, XXX International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey (International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2018) (in press). Cymosiflora Cheng et Liu and Ser. Structures and immunological activities of two pectic polysaccharides from the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The historical and current research progress on jujubea superfruit for the future. Biotechnol.94, 123129 (2019). & Liu, M. A high-efficiency regeneration system for immature embryo of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao at very early stage. The seedling rate of young embryos <30 days after flowering (before the abortion peak) was increased from 3.7 to 40%89. Acta Hortic.993, 209213 (2013). Li, H. et al. Rom. volume87,pages 929939 (2013)Cite this article. Huang, J., Chen, R. & Li, X. Under normal room temperature and humidity conditions, fresh jujube loses moisture quickly and loses crispness within 35 days. and wild jujube. Solar greenhouse cultivation techniques for table cultivars of Chinese jujube in Taihang mountain area. For . Zhao, Z., Liu, M. & Tu, P. Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Additionally, according to the unearthed carbonized fruits, jujube was cultivated and utilized in China 7000 years ago. Sin.33, 374377 (2006). Liu, X., Li, H., Liu, Z., Zhao, J. J. China Fruits2, 6470 (2015). & Li, H. Nutrient composition analysis of jujube from different habitats. Agric Water Manag 87:6172, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1990) A study of the potential of hedge row intercropping in semi-arid India using a two-way systematic design. Cent. Plant Cell Tiss. Plant Cell Tiss. & Liu, M. Analysis of triterpenoid acids in Chinese jujube. Shi, Q. et al. proved that the best storage conditions for fresh jujube were at a temperature of 1 to 2C, relative humidity of 95%, 2% O2 and 0% CO2124. Xu, C. et al. Xue, C. et al. J. The trend of jujube industrial development and research. Based on a systematic study of the historical taxonomic literature, Liu et al. Sci. In addition, Hebei Agricultural University collected and preserved ~200 accessions of sour jujube germplasm and some other species of the Ziziphus genus, such as Z. mauritiana Lam., Z. spina-christi Willd, and Z. nummularia Burm. Sin.40, 426432 (2013). Farm Prod. Sci. Liu, Q. Genome sequencing-based multiomics analysis combining transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and phenotypic data has taken horticultural research to a new level. The major requirements to meet farmers needs are reducing inputs, increasing output and accelerating economic returns. Liu, P. et al. A gene block located in the region from 9.20 to 14.68Mb of pseudochromosome 1 is highly conserved and contains many genes related to sugar metabolism and stress tolerance. jujube, either of two species of small spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. Analysis of reducing sugars, organic acids and minerals in 15 cultivars of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Food Res. Jujube (cv. More than 95% of grafts take successfully if scion wood is coated with a thin layer of wax. The domestication period (late Neolithic to the Shang Dynasty3000 YA). Stnic, F. & Vasile, S. A. Chinese datea new promising fruit plant for Romania southern areas. Spectr. Sin.31, 647650 (2004). Morphological, cytological and nutritional changes of autotetraploid compared to its diploid counterpart in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). J. Polym. Fruit. Cui, Y. et al. Wang, L. et al. In the two cases mentioned above, all the offspring from self-fruitless or self-sterile parents can be directly regarded as authentic hybrids. Xue, C. et al. Agrofor Syst 61:237255, Li FD, Meng P, Fu DL, Wang BP (2008) Light distribution, photosynthetic rate and yield in a Paulownia-wheat intercropping system in China. However, in addition to the storage conditions, the duration of fresh jujube storage and the percentage of fruit losses are also influenced by the preharvest cultivation technology and directly by the pathogen load on the fruit in the orchard14,100,113,127,128. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x.
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