confucianism population

This theme of mutuality still exists in East Asian cultures even to this day. [29][30] The principle of Heaven (L or Do ), is the order of the creation and the source of divine authority, monistic in its structure. The book, a conversation between Confucius and his disciple Zeng Shen, is about how to set up a good society using the principle of xio.[67]. Confucius conceived these qualities as the foundation needed to restore socio-political harmony. Meanwhile, the meritocratic house preserves competence, statesmanship, and Confucian virtues. [13] "Confucian businessmen" ( rshngrn, also "refined businessman") is a recently rediscovered concept defining people of the economic-entrepreneurial elite who recognise their social responsibility and therefore apply Confucian culture to their business. As a whole, this group is expected to grow from about 58 million in 2010 to more than 61 million in 2050. [88], In contemporary China, the Confucian revival has developed into various interwoven directions: the proliferation of Confucian schools or academies (shuyuan ),[87] the resurgence of Confucian rites (chuntng ly ),[87] and the birth of new forms of Confucian activity on the popular level, such as the Confucian communities (shq rxu ). [102] Jnz (, lit. "[141] Matthew Sommers has also indicated that the Qing dynasty government began to realise the utopian nature of enforcing the "cult of chastity" and began to allow practices such as widow remarrying to stand. How many Confucianism followers are there worldwide? The only relationship where respect for elders is not stressed was the friend to friend relationship, where mutual equal respect is emphasised instead. Like many contemporaries, Confucius saw ritual practices as efficacious ways to access Tian, but he thought that the crucial knot was the state of meditation that participants enter prior to engage in the ritual acts. This system allowed anyone who passed an examination to become a government officer, a position which would bring wealth and honour to the whole family. There is no deity worshipped in Confucianism, though the worship of ancestors and of Confucius himself as a sage master and teacher are practiced. Rites and sacrifices to the gods have an ethical importance: they generate good life, because taking part in them leads to the overcoming of the self. Partly because of the vitality of the feudal ritual system and partly because of the strength of the royal household itself, the Zhou kings were able to control their kingdom for several centuries. It is concerned with inner virtue, morality, and respect for the community and its values. Streng, Frederick, "Understanding Religious Life," 3rd ed. [46], Some Confucian movements worship Confucius,[49] although not as a supreme being or anything else approaching the power of tian or the dao, and/or gods from Chinese folk religion. Confucianism, a Western term that has no counterpart in Chinese, is a worldview, a social ethic, a political ideology, a scholarly tradition, and a way of life. There are many characteristics of the junzi: he may live in poverty, he does more and speaks less, he is loyal, obedient and knowledgeable. This idea may be traced back to the ancient shamanic beliefs of the king being the axle between the sky, human beings, and the Earth. This view was reinforced by Pope Benedict XIV, who ordered a ban on Chinese rituals,[158] though this ban was re-assessed and repealed in 1939 by Pope Pius XII, provided that such traditions harmonize with the true and authentic spirit of the liturgy.[159]. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In other words, at a minimum, democracy needs Confucian meritocratic checks. [141], For years, many modern scholars have regarded Confucianism as a sexist, patriarchal ideology that was historically damaging to Chinese women. Rather, Confucius considered himself a transmitter who consciously tried to reanimate the old in order to attain the new. In other words, while examinations may ensure that early-career officials are competent and educated, how is it thereafter ensured that only those who rule well get promoted? [101], [22]:190197 Several different terms, some of which with modern origin, are used in different situations to express different facets of Confucianism, including: Three of them use r. [22]:7, The term "Traditionalist" has been suggested by David Schaberg to emphasize the connection to the past, its standards, and inherited forms, in which Confucius himself placed so much importance. Correctly performed rituals move society in alignment with earthly and heavenly (astral) forces, establishing the harmony of the three realmsHeaven, Earth and humanity. Confucian thinkers in the West, inspired by religious pluralism and liberal democratic ideas, have explored the possibility of a third epoch of Confucian humanism. . Mao Zedong tried to suppress Confucianism, a philosophy that guided state and personal behaviour for centuries. [11] Confucianism focuses on the practical order that is given by a this-worldly awareness of the Tin. [142] Starting from the Han period, Confucians began to teach that a virtuous woman was supposed to follow the males in her family: the father before her marriage, the husband after she marries, and her sons in widowhood. Using stricter definitions of religion, Confucianism has been described as a moral science or philosophy. 11th century bce), who was said to have helped consolidate, expand, and refine the feudal ritual system. [29] The scholar Promise Hsu, in the wake of Robert B. Louden, explained 17:19 ("What does Tian ever say? [143] Some critics have also accused the prominent Song neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi for believing in the inferiority of women and that men and women need to be kept strictly separate,[146] while Sima Guang also believed that women should remain indoors and not deal with the matters of men in the outside world. [14], Yn Hu, Confucius's most outstanding student, once asked his master to describe the rules of rn and Confucius replied, "one should see nothing improper, hear nothing improper, say nothing improper, do nothing improper. Confucianism Though not formally recognized as a religion by the Chinese government, Confucianism has had an undeniable impact on Chinese history and culture since its conception by the Chinese philosopher Confucius around 479 BC. [23] This translation of the word r is followed by e.g. Confucianism. Yuri Pines. [63] During the Ming-Qing era, prominent Confucians such as Wang Yangming promoted individuality and independent thinking as a counterweight to subservience to authority. the public should not know how officials are selected, since ordinary people are in no position to judge officials beyond the local level. If the ruler is evil, then the people have the right to overthrow him. This elaborate system of mutual dependence was based on blood ties, marriage alliances, and old covenants as well as on newly negotiated contracts. [79] The supreme godhead was also identified with the dragon, symbol of unlimited power (qi),[74] of the "protean" primordial power which embodies both yin and yang in unity, associated to the constellation Draco which winds around the north ecliptic pole,[72] and slithers between the Little and Big Dipper. Confucianism advocates love with distinctionsone always loves one's family first and then moves outward. Similarly, the lower house allows citizens to be represented, have a voice in public affairs (albeit a weak one), and ensure accountability. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. All these duties take the practical form of prescribed rituals, for instance wedding and death rituals.[44]. [134] The New Life Movement in the early 20th century was also influenced by Confucianism. [137], After Confucianism had become the official 'state religion' in China, its influence penetrated all walks of life and all streams of thought in Chinese society for the generations to come. Confuciuss love of antiquity was motivated by his strong desire to understand why certain life forms and institutions, such as reverence for ancestors, human-centred religious practices, and mourning ceremonies, had survived for centuries. [44], Confucian ethical codes are described as humanistic. Confucianism is a philosophy developed in 6th-century BCE China, which is considered by some a secular-humanist belief system, by some a religion, and by others a social code. Despite its literal meaning, any righteous man willing to improve himself may become a junzi. Another meaning of rn is "not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself. There are approximately 6.1 million followers of Confucianism worldwide. The. Bell proposes a model wherein aspiring meritocrats take hyper-selective exams and prove themselves at the local levels of government before reaching the higher levels of government, where they hold more centralized power. The Analects as the embodiment of Confucian ideas, Formation of the classical Confucian tradition, Mencius: The paradigmatic Confucian intellectual, Xunzi: The transmitter of Confucian scholarship, Confucian ethics in the Daoist and Buddhist context, Confucian learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming, The age of Confucianism: Chosn-dynasty Korea, Tokugawa Japan, and Qing China. They hold the power to define the hierarchy of divinities, by bestowing titles upon mountains, rivers and dead people, acknowledging them as powerful and therefore establishing their cults. The term Confucianism is derived from Confucius, the conventional name for Master Kong, the most revered sage of this religious tradition. [66], In Confucian philosophy, filial piety (, xio) is a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors, and of the hierarchies within society: fatherson, elderjunior and malefemale. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of Chinese History and Philosophy, Harvard University. [42] He wrote in the Analects (7.23) that tin gave him life, and that tin watched and judged (6.28; 9.12). Today, it has been credited for shaping East Asian societies and overseas Chinese communities, and to some extent, other parts of Asia. [6] They may be practiced by all the members of a society. The junzi (, jnz, "lord's son") is a Chinese philosophical term often translated as "gentleman" or "superior person"[69] and employed by Confucius in the Analects to describe the ideal man. In addition, loyalty does not mean subservience to authority. Bell and Wang favour a system in which officials at the local level are democratically elected and higher-level officials are promoted by peers. It focuses on innate human goodness and the importance of interpersonal human relationships. [note 2] Matteo Ricci was among the very earliest to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father Prospero Intorcetta wrote about the life and works of Confucius in Latin in 1687. [111] For Bell, the ideal according to which China should reform itself (and has reformed itself) follows a simple structure: Aspiring rulers first pass hyper-selective examinations, then have to rule well at the local level to be promoted to positions as the provincial level, then have to excel at the provincial level to access positions at the national level, and so on. It is postulated that certain elements of Leibniz's philosophy, such as "simple substance" and "Pre-established harmony", were borrowed from his interactions with Confucianism. He, Baogang & Warren, Mark (2020). He had faith in the cumulative power of culture. [24], According to Zhou Youguang, r originally referred to shamanic methods of holding rites and existed before Confucius's times, but with Confucius it came to mean devotion to propagating such teachings to bring civilisation to the people. This represents 0.09% of the world's population, or slightly less than 1%. [119] Others, like Jiang Qing, defend a model in which superiors decide who gets promoted; this method is in line with more traditionalist strands of Confucian political thought, which place a greater emphasis on strict hierarchies and epistemic paternalismthat is, the idea that older and more experienced people know more. The Lunyu ( Analects ), the most-revered sacred scripture in the Confucian tradition, was probably compiled by the succeeding generations of Confucius's disciples. Corrections? Disillusioned with the culture, opposing scholars, and religious authorities of the time, he began to preach an ethical interpretation of traditional Zhou religion. [44] This is shown in the story where Duke Jing of Qi asks Confucius about government, by which he meant proper administration so as to bring social harmony.
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